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v/vlib/arrays/arrays.v

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module arrays
// Common arrays functions:
// - min / max - return the value of the minumum / maximum
// - idx_min / idx_max - return the index of the first minumum / maximum
// - merge - combine two sorted arrays and maintain sorted order
// - chunk - chunk array to arrays with n elements
// - window - get snapshots of the window of the given size sliding along array with the given step, where each snapshot is an array
// - group - merge two arrays by interleaving e.g. arrays.group([1,3,5], [2,4,6]) => [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
// - flatten - reduce dimensionality of array by one. e.g. arrays.flatten([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]) => [1,2,3,4,5,6]
// min returns the minimum value in the array
// Example: arrays.min([1,2,3,0,9]) // => 0
pub fn min<T>(a []T) ?T {
if a.len == 0 {
return error('.min called on an empty array')
}
mut val := a[0]
for e in a {
if e < val {
val = e
}
}
return val
}
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// max returns the maximum value in the array
// Example: arrays.max([1,2,3,0,9]) // => 9
pub fn max<T>(a []T) ?T {
if a.len == 0 {
return error('.max called on an empty array')
}
mut val := a[0]
for e in a {
if e > val {
val = e
}
}
return val
}
// idx_min returns the index of the minimum value in the array
// Example: arrays.idx_min([1,2,3,0,9]) // => 3
pub fn idx_min<T>(a []T) ?int {
if a.len == 0 {
return error('.idx_min called on an empty array')
}
mut idx := 0
mut val := a[0]
for i, e in a {
if e < val {
val = e
idx = i
}
}
return idx
}
// idx_max returns the index of the maximum value in the array
// Example: arrays.idx_max([1,2,3,0,9]) // => 4
pub fn idx_max<T>(a []T) ?int {
if a.len == 0 {
return error('.idx_max called on an empty array')
}
mut idx := 0
mut val := a[0]
for i, e in a {
if e > val {
val = e
idx = i
}
}
return idx
}
// merge two sorted arrays (ascending) and maintain sorted order
// Example: arrays.merge([1,3,5,7], [2,4,6,8]) // => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
[direct_array_access]
pub fn merge<T>(a []T, b []T) []T {
mut m := []T{len: a.len + b.len}
mut ia := 0
mut ib := 0
mut j := 0
// TODO efficient approach to merge_desc where: a[ia] >= b[ib]
for ia < a.len && ib < b.len {
if a[ia] <= b[ib] {
m[j] = a[ia]
ia++
} else {
m[j] = b[ib]
ib++
}
j++
}
// a leftovers
for ia < a.len {
m[j] = a[ia]
ia++
j++
}
// b leftovers
for ib < b.len {
m[j] = b[ib]
ib++
j++
}
return m
}
// group n arrays into a single array of arrays with n elements
//
// This function is analogous to the "zip" function of other languages.
// To fully interleave two arrays, follow this function with a call to `flatten`.
//
// NOTE: An error will be generated if the type annotation is omitted.
// Example: arrays.group<int>([1,2,3],[4,5,6]) // => [[1, 4], [2, 5], [3, 6]]
pub fn group<T>(lists ...[]T) [][]T {
mut length := if lists.len > 0 { lists[0].len } else { 0 }
// calculate length of output by finding shortest input array
for ndx in 1 .. lists.len {
if lists[ndx].len < length {
length = lists[ndx].len
}
}
if length > 0 {
mut arr := [][]T{cap: length}
// append all combined arrays into the resultant array
for ndx in 0 .. length {
mut grouped := []T{cap: lists.len}
// combine each list item for the ndx position into one array
for list_ndx in 0 .. lists.len {
grouped << lists[list_ndx][ndx]
}
arr << grouped
}
return arr
}
return [][]T{}
}
// chunk array into a single array of arrays where each element is the next `size` elements of the original
// Example: arrays.chunk([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], 2)) // => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8], [9]]
pub fn chunk<T>(list []T, size int) [][]T {
// allocate chunk array
mut chunks := [][]T{cap: list.len / size + if list.len % size == 0 { 0 } else { 1 }}
for i := 0; true; {
// check chunk size is greater than remaining element size
if list.len < i + size {
// check if there's no more element to chunk
if list.len <= i {
break
}
chunks << list[i..]
break
}
chunks << list[i..i + size]
i += size
}
return chunks
}
pub struct WindowAttribute {
size int
step int = 1
}
// get snapshots of the window of the given size sliding along array with the given step, where each snapshot is an array.
// - `size` - snapshot size
// - `step` - gap size between each snapshot, default is 1.
//
// Example: arrays.window([1, 2, 3, 4], size: 2) // => [[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]]
// Example: arrays.window([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], size: 3, step: 2) // => [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [5, 6, 7], [7, 8, 9]]
pub fn window<T>(list []T, attr WindowAttribute) [][]T {
// allocate snapshot array
mut windows := [][]T{cap: list.len - attr.size + 1}
for i := 0; true; {
// check remaining elements size is less than snapshot size
if list.len < i + attr.size {
break
}
windows << list[i..i + attr.size]
i += attr.step
}
return windows
}
// sum up array, return nothing when array has no elements
//
// NOTICE: currently V has bug that cannot make sum function takes custom struct with + operator overloaded
// which means you can only pass array of numbers for now.
// TODO: Fix generic operator overloading detection issue.
// Example: arrays.sum<int>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])? // => 15
pub fn sum<T>(list []T) ?T {
if list.len == 0 {
return error('Cannot sum up array of nothing.')
} else {
mut head := list[0]
for i, e in list {
if i == 0 {
continue
} else {
head += e
}
}
return head
}
}
// reduce sets `acc = list[0]`, then successively calls `acc = reduce_op(acc, elem)` for each remaining element in `list`.
// returns the accumulated value in `acc`.
// returns an error if the array is empty.
// See also: [fold](#fold).
// Example: arrays.reduce([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], fn (t1 int, t2 int) int { return t1 * t2 })? // => 120
pub fn reduce<T>(list []T, reduce_op fn (t1 T, t2 T) T) ?T {
if list.len == 0 {
return error('Cannot reduce array of nothing.')
} else {
mut value := list[0]
for i, e in list {
if i == 0 {
continue
} else {
value = reduce_op(value, e)
}
}
return value
}
}
// fold sets `acc = init`, then successively calls `acc = fold_op(acc, elem)` for each element in `list`.
// returns `acc`.
// Example:
// ```v
// // Sum the length of each string in an array
// a := ['Hi', 'all']
// r := arrays.fold<string, int>(a, 0,
// fn (r int, t string) int { return r + t.len })
// assert r == 5
// ```
pub fn fold<T, R>(list []T, init R, fold_op fn (r R, t T) R) R {
mut value := init
for e in list {
value = fold_op(value, e)
}
return value
}
// flattens n + 1 dimensional array into n dimensional array
// Example: arrays.flatten<int>([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]]) // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
pub fn flatten<T>(list [][]T) []T {
// calculate required capacity
mut required_size := 0
for e1 in list {
for _ in e1 {
required_size += 1
}
}
// allocate flattened array
mut result := []T{cap: required_size}
for e1 in list {
for e2 in e1 {
result << e2
}
}
return result
}
// group_by groups together elements, for which the `grouping_op` callback produced the same result.
// Example: arrays.group_by<int, string>(['H', 'el', 'lo'], fn (v string) int { return v.len }) // => {1: ['H'], 2: ['el', 'lo']}
pub fn group_by<K, V>(list []V, grouping_op fn (v V) K) map[K][]V {
mut result := map[K][]V{}
for v in list {
key := grouping_op(v)
// check if key exists, if not, then create a new array with matched value, otherwise append.
if key in result {
result[key] << v
} else {
result[key] = [v]
}
}
return result
}
// concatenate an array with an arbitrary number of additional values
//
// NOTE: if you have two arrays, you should simply use the `<<` operator directly
// Example: arrays.concat([1, 2, 3], 4, 5, 6) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] // => true
// Example: arrays.concat([1, 2, 3], ...[4, 5, 6]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] // => true
// Example: arr << [4, 5, 6] // does what you need if arr is mutable
pub fn concat<T>(a []T, b ...T) []T {
mut m := []T{cap: a.len + b.len}
m << a
m << b
return m
}
// returns the smallest element >= val, requires `arr` to be sorted
// Example: arrays.lower_bound([2, 4, 6, 8], 3)? // => 4
pub fn lower_bound<T>(arr []T, val T) ?T {
if arr.len == 0 {
return error('.lower_bound called on an empty array')
}
mut left, mut right := 0, arr.len - 1
for ; left <= right; {
idx := (left + right) / 2
elem := arr[idx]
if elem < val {
left = idx + 1
} else {
right = idx - 1
}
}
if left >= arr.len {
return error('')
} else {
return arr[left]
}
}
// returns the largest element <= val, requires `arr` to be sorted
// Example: arrays.upper_bound([2, 4, 6, 8], 3)? // => 2
pub fn upper_bound<T>(arr []T, val T) ?T {
if arr.len == 0 {
return error('.upper_bound called on an empty array')
}
mut left, mut right := 0, arr.len - 1
for ; left <= right; {
idx := (left + right) / 2
elem := arr[idx]
if elem > val {
right = idx - 1
} else {
left = idx + 1
}
}
if right < 0 {
return error('')
} else {
return arr[right]
}
}
// binary search, requires `arr` to be sorted, returns index of found item or error.
// Binary searches on sorted lists can be faster than other array searches because at maximum
// the algorithm only has to traverse log N elements
// Example: arrays.binary_search([1, 2, 3, 4], 4)? // => 3
pub fn binary_search<T>(arr []T, target T) ?int {
mut left := 0
mut right := arr.len - 1
for ; left <= right; {
idx := (left + right) / 2
elem := arr[idx]
if elem == target {
return idx
}
if elem < target {
left = idx + 1
} else {
right = idx - 1
}
}
return error('')
}
// rotate_left rotates the array in-place such that the first `mid` elements of the array move to the end
// while the last `arr.len - mid` elements move to the front. After calling `rotate_left`, the element
// previously at index `mid` will become the first element in the array.
// Example:
// ```v
// mut x := [1,2,3,4,5,6]
// arrays.rotate_left(mut x, 2)
// println(x) // [3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2]
// ```
pub fn rotate_left<T>(mut arr []T, mid int) {
assert mid <= arr.len && mid >= 0
k := arr.len - mid
p := &T(arr.data)
unsafe {
ptr_rotate<T>(mid, &T(usize(voidptr(p)) + usize(sizeof(T)) * usize(mid)), k)
}
}
// rotate_right rotates the array in-place such that the first `arr.len - k` elements of the array move to the end
// while the last `k` elements move to the front. After calling `rotate_right`, the element previously at index `arr.len - k`
// will become the first element in the array.
// Example:
// ```v
// mut x := [1,2,3,4,5,6]
// arrays.rotate_right(mut x, 2)
// println(x) // [5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4]
// ```
pub fn rotate_right<T>(mut arr []T, k int) {
assert k <= arr.len && k >= 0
mid := arr.len - k
p := &T(arr.data)
unsafe {
ptr_rotate<T>(mid, &T(usize(voidptr(p)) + usize(sizeof(T)) * usize(mid)), k)
}
}
[unsafe]
fn ptr_rotate<T>(left_ int, mid &T, right_ int) {
mut left := usize(left_)
mut right := usize(right_)
for {
delta := if left < right { left } else { right }
if delta <= raw_array_cap<T>() {
break
}
unsafe {
swap_nonoverlapping<T>(&T(usize(voidptr(mid)) - left * usize(sizeof(T))),
&T(usize(voidptr(mid)) + usize(right - delta) * usize(sizeof(T))), int(delta))
}
if left <= right {
right -= delta
} else {
left -= delta
}
}
unsafe {
sz := usize(sizeof(T))
rawarray := C.malloc(raw_array_malloc_size<T>())
dim := &T(usize(voidptr(mid)) - left * sz + right * sz)
if left <= right {
C.memcpy(rawarray, voidptr(usize(voidptr(mid)) - left * sz), left * sz)
C.memmove(voidptr(usize(voidptr(mid)) - left * sz), voidptr(mid), right * sz)
C.memcpy(voidptr(dim), rawarray, left * sz)
} else {
C.memcpy(rawarray, voidptr(mid), right * sz)
C.memmove(voidptr(dim), voidptr(usize(voidptr(mid)) - left * sz), left * sz)
C.memcpy(voidptr(usize(voidptr(mid)) - left * sz), rawarray, right * sz)
}
C.free(rawarray)
}
}
struct Block {
mut:
x u64
y u64
z u64
w u64
}
struct UnalignedBlock {
mut:
x u64
y u64
z u64
w u64
}
const (
extra_size = 32 * sizeof(usize)
)
fn raw_array_cap<T>() usize {
if sizeof(T) > arrays.extra_size {
return 1
} else {
return arrays.extra_size / sizeof(T)
}
}
fn raw_array_malloc_size<T>() usize {
if sizeof(T) > arrays.extra_size {
return usize(sizeof(T)) * 2
} else {
return 32 * usize(sizeof(usize))
}
}
[unsafe]
fn memswap(x voidptr, y voidptr, len usize) {
block_size := sizeof(Block)
mut i := usize(0)
for i + block_size <= len {
mut t_ := Block{}
t := voidptr(&t_)
xi := usize(x) + i
yi := usize(y) + i
unsafe {
C.memcpy(t, voidptr(xi), block_size)
C.memcpy(voidptr(xi), voidptr(yi), block_size)
C.memcpy(t, voidptr(yi), block_size)
}
i += block_size
}
if i < len {
mut t_ := UnalignedBlock{}
t := voidptr(&t_)
rem := len - i
xi := usize(x) + i
yi := usize(y) + i
unsafe {
C.memcpy(t, voidptr(xi), rem)
C.memcpy(voidptr(xi), voidptr(yi), rem)
C.memcpy(voidptr(yi), t, rem)
}
}
}
[unsafe]
fn swap_nonoverlapping<T>(x_ &T, y_ &T, count int) {
x := voidptr(x_)
y := voidptr(y_)
len := usize(sizeof(T)) * usize(count)
unsafe {
memswap(x, y, len)
}
}
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// copy copies the `src` array elements to the `dst` array.
// The number of the elements copied is the minimum of the length of both arrays.
// Returns the number of elements copied.
pub fn copy<T>(mut dst []T, src []T) int {
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min := if dst.len < src.len { dst.len } else { src.len }
if min <= 0 {
return 0
}
if can_copy_bits<T>() {
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blen := min * int(sizeof(T))
unsafe { vmemmove(&T(dst.data), src.data, blen) }
} else {
for i in 0 .. min {
dst[i] = src[i]
}
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}
return min
}
// determines if T can be copied using `memcpy`
// false if autofree needs to intervene
// false if type is not copyable e.g. map
fn can_copy_bits<T>() bool {
// references, C pointers, integers, floats, runes
if T.name[0] in [`&`, `b`, `c`, `f`, `i`, `r`, `u`, `v`] {
return true
}
return false
}
// carray_to_varray copies a C byte array into a V array of type `T`.
// See also: `cstring_to_vstring`
[unsafe]
pub fn carray_to_varray<T>(c_array voidptr, c_array_len int) []T {
mut v_array := []T{len: c_array_len}
unsafe { vmemcpy(v_array.data, c_array, c_array_len * int(sizeof(T))) }
return v_array
}