doc: document type Fn = fn (string) string (type aliases) (#10471)

doc/docs.md

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ For more details and troubleshooting, please visit the [vab GitHub repository](h
     * [Returning multiple values](#returning-multiple-values)
 * [Symbol visibility](#symbol-visibility)
 * [Variables](#variables)
-* [Types](#types)
+* [V types](#v-types)
     * [Strings](#strings)
     * [Numbers](#numbers)
     * [Arrays](#arrays)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ For more details and troubleshooting, please visit the [vab GitHub repository](h
 * [Modules](#modules)
     * [Manage Packages](#manage-packages)
 	* [Publish package](#publish-package)
-* [Types 2](#types-2)
+* [Type Declarations](#type-declarations)
     * [Interfaces](#interfaces)
     * [Enums](#enums)
     * [Sum types](#sum-types)
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ fn draw(ctx &gg.Context) {
 }
 ```
 
-## Types
+## V Types
 
 ### Primitive types
 
@@ -2403,7 +2403,7 @@ Modules are up to date.
 **Optional:** tag your V module with `vlang` and `vlang-module` on github.com 
 to allow a better search experiance.
 
-## Types 2
+## Type Declarations
 
 ### Interfaces
 
@@ -2499,6 +2499,74 @@ fn main() {
 }
 ```
 
+### Function Types
+
+You can use type aliases for naming specific function signatures - for
+example:
+
+```v
+type Filter = fn (string) string
+```
+
+This works like any other type - for example, a function can accept an 
+argument of a function type:
+
+```v
+type Filter = fn (string) string
+
+fn filter(s string, f Filter) string {
+	return f(s)
+}
+```
+
+V has duck-typing, so functions don't need to declare compatibility with 
+a function type - they just have to be compatible:
+
+```v
+fn uppercase(s string) string {
+	return s.to_upper()
+}
+
+// now `uppercase` can be used everywhere where Filter is expected
+```
+
+Compatible functions can also be explicitly cast to a function type:
+
+```v oksyntax
+my_filter := Filter(uppercase)
+```
+
+The cast here is purely informational - again, duck-typing means that the
+resulting type is the same without an explicit cast:
+
+```v oksyntax
+my_filter := uppercase
+```
+
+You can pass the assigned function as an argument:
+
+```v oksyntax
+println(filter('Hello world', my_filter)) // prints `HELLO WORLD`
+```
+
+And you could of course have passed it directly as well, without using a
+local variable:
+
+```v oksyntax
+println(filter('Hello world', uppercase))
+```
+
+And this works with anonymous functions as well:
+
+```v oksyntax
+println(filter('Hello world', fn (s string) string {
+	return s.to_upper()
+}))
+```
+
+You can see the complete 
+[example here](https://github.com/vlang/v/tree/master/examples/function_types.v).
+
 ### Enums
 
 ```v
@@ -4738,7 +4806,7 @@ union
 unsafe
 __offsetof
 ```
-See also [Types](#types).
+See also [V Types](#v-types).
 
 ## Appendix II: Operators
 

examples/function_types.v

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Function signatures can be declared as types:
+
+type Filter = fn (string) string
+
+// Functions can accept function types as arguments:
+
+fn filter(s string, f Filter) string {
+	return f(s)
+}
+
+// Declare a function with a matching signature:
+
+fn uppercase(s string) string {
+	return s.to_upper()
+}
+
+fn main() {
+	// A function can be assigned to a matching type:
+
+	my_filter := Filter(uppercase)
+
+	// You don't strictly need the `Filter` cast - it's only used
+	// here to illustrate how these types are compatible.
+
+	// All of the following prints "HELLO WORLD":
+
+	println(filter('Hello world', my_filter))
+	println(filter('Hello world', uppercase))
+	println(filter('Hello world', fn (s string) string {
+		return s.to_upper()
+	}))
+}