module builtin type FnExitCb = fn () fn C.atexit(f FnExitCb) int // exit terminates execution immediately and returns exit `code` to the shell. pub fn exit(code int) { C.exit(code) } // panic_debug private function that V uses for panics, -cg/-g is passed // recent versions of tcc print nicer backtraces automatically // NB: the duplication here is because tcc_backtrace should be called directly // inside the panic functions. fn panic_debug(line_no int, file string, mod string, fn_name string, s string) { // NB: the order here is important for a stabler test output // module is less likely to change than function, etc... // During edits, the line number will change most frequently, // so it is last eprintln('================ V panic ================') eprintln(' module: $mod') eprintln(' function: ${fn_name}()') eprintln(' message: $s') eprintln(' file: $file') eprintln(' line: ' + line_no.str()) eprintln('=========================================') $if exit_after_panic_message ? { C.exit(1) } $else { $if no_backtrace ? { C.exit(1) } $else { $if tinyc { $if panics_break_into_debugger ? { break_if_debugger_attached() } $else { C.tcc_backtrace('Backtrace') } C.exit(1) } print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(1) $if panics_break_into_debugger ? { break_if_debugger_attached() } C.exit(1) } } } // panic prints a nice error message, then exits the process with exit code of 1. // It also shows a backtrace on most platforms. pub fn panic(s string) { eprintln('V panic: $s') $if exit_after_panic_message ? { C.exit(1) } $else { $if no_backtrace ? { C.exit(1) } $else { $if tinyc { $if panics_break_into_debugger ? { break_if_debugger_attached() } $else { C.tcc_backtrace('Backtrace') } C.exit(1) } print_backtrace_skipping_top_frames(1) $if panics_break_into_debugger ? { break_if_debugger_attached() } C.exit(1) } } } // eprintln prints a message with a line end, to stderr. Both stderr and stdout are flushed. pub fn eprintln(s string) { C.fflush(C.stdout) C.fflush(C.stderr) // eprintln is used in panics, so it should not fail at all if s.str == 0 { C.write(2, c'eprintln(NIL)\n', 14) } else { C.write(2, s.str, s.len) C.write(2, c'\n', 1) } C.fflush(C.stderr) } // eprint prints a message to stderr. Both stderr and stdout are flushed. pub fn eprint(s string) { C.fflush(C.stdout) C.fflush(C.stderr) if s.str == 0 { C.write(2, c'eprint(NIL)\n', 12) } else { C.write(2, s.str, s.len) } C.fflush(C.stderr) } // print prints a message to stdout. Unlike `println` stdout is not automatically flushed. // A call to `flush()` will flush the output buffer to stdout. pub fn print(s string) { C.write(1, s.str, s.len) } /* #include "@VROOT/vlib/darwin/darwin.m" fn C.nsstring2(s string) voidptr fn C.NSLog(x voidptr) #include fn C.asl_log(voidptr, voidptr, int, charptr) */ // println prints a message with a line end, to stdout. stdout is flushed. pub fn println(s string) { $if windows { print(s) print('\n') } $else { // For debugging .app applications (no way to read stdout) so that it's printed to macOS Console /* $if macos { C.asl_log(0, 0, C.ASL_LEVEL_ERR, s.str) } */ // TODO: a syscall sys_write on linux works, except for the v repl. // Probably it is a stdio buffering issue. Needs more testing... // $if linux { // $if !android { // snl := s + '\n' // C.syscall(/* sys_write */ 1, /* stdout_value */ 1, snl.str, s.len+1) // return // } // } C.printf('%.*s\n', s.len, s.str) } } // malloc dynamically allocates a `n` bytes block of memory on the heap. // malloc returns a `byteptr` pointing to the memory address of the allocated space. // unlike the `calloc` family of functions - malloc will not zero the memory block. [unsafe] pub fn malloc(n int) byteptr { if n <= 0 { panic('> V malloc(<=0)') } $if vplayground ? { if n > 10000 { panic('allocating more than 10 KB is not allowed in the playground') } } $if trace_malloc ? { total_m += n C.fprintf(C.stderr, c'v_malloc %d total %d\n', n, total_m) // print_backtrace() } mut res := byteptr(0) $if prealloc { res = g_m2_ptr unsafe { g_m2_ptr += n } nr_mallocs++ } $else { res = unsafe { C.malloc(n) } if res == 0 { panic('malloc($n) failed') } } return res } /* #include fn malloc_size(b byteptr) int */ // v_realloc resizes the memory block `b` with `n` bytes. // The `b byteptr` must be a pointer to an existing memory block // previously allocated with `malloc`, `v_calloc` or `vcalloc`. [unsafe] pub fn v_realloc(b byteptr, n int) byteptr { mut new_ptr := byteptr(0) $if prealloc { unsafe { new_ptr = malloc(n) C.memcpy(new_ptr, b, n) } } $else { $if debug_realloc ? { // NB: this is slower, but helps debugging memory problems. // The main idea is to always force reallocating: // 1) allocate a new memory block // 2) copy the old to the new // 3) fill the old with 0x57 (`W`) // 4) free the old block // => if there is still a pointer to the old block somewhere // it will point to memory that is now filled with 0x57. unsafe { new_ptr = malloc(n) C.memcpy(new_ptr, b, n) C.memset(b, 0x57, n) C.free(b) } } $else { new_ptr = unsafe { C.realloc(b, n) } if new_ptr == 0 { panic('realloc($n) failed') } } } return new_ptr } // v_calloc dynamically allocates a zeroed `n` bytes block of memory on the heap. // v_calloc returns a `byteptr` pointing to the memory address of the allocated space. pub fn v_calloc(n int) byteptr { return C.calloc(1, n) } // vcalloc dynamically allocates a zeroed `n` bytes block of memory on the heap. // vcalloc returns a `byteptr` pointing to the memory address of the allocated space. // Unlike `v_calloc` vcalloc checks for negative values given in `n`. pub fn vcalloc(n int) byteptr { if n < 0 { panic('calloc(<=0)') } else if n == 0 { return byteptr(0) } return C.calloc(1, n) } // free allows for manually freeing memory allocated at the address `ptr`. [unsafe] pub fn free(ptr voidptr) { $if prealloc { return } C.free(ptr) } // memdup dynamically allocates a `sz` bytes block of memory on the heap // memdup then copies the contents of `src` into the allocated space and // returns a pointer to the newly allocated space. [unsafe] pub fn memdup(src voidptr, sz int) voidptr { if sz == 0 { return vcalloc(1) } unsafe { mem := malloc(sz) return C.memcpy(mem, src, sz) } } // v_ptr_free is used internally to manually free up memory allocated at the address `ptr`. fn v_ptr_free(ptr voidptr) { $if prealloc { return } C.free(ptr) } // is_atty returns 1 if the `fd` file descriptor is open and refers to a terminal pub fn is_atty(fd int) int { $if windows { mut mode := u32(0) osfh := voidptr(C._get_osfhandle(fd)) C.GetConsoleMode(osfh, voidptr(&mode)) return int(mode) } $else { return C.isatty(fd) } } [inline] fn v_fixed_index(i int, len int) int { $if !no_bounds_checking ? { if i < 0 || i >= len { s := 'fixed array index out of range (index: $i, len: $len)' panic(s) } } return i }