cJSON/README.md

cJSON

Ultralightweight JSON parser in ANSI C.

Table of contents

• License
• Usage
  • Welcome to cJSON
  • Building
  • Including cJSON
  • Data Structure
  • Working with the data structure
  • Parsing JSON
  • Printing JSON
  • Some JSON
  • Here's the structure
  • Caveats
  • Enjoy cJSON!

License

MIT License

Copyright (c) 2009-2017 Dave Gamble and cJSON contributors

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Usage

Welcome to cJSON.

cJSON aims to be the dumbest possible parser that you can get your job done with. It's a single file of C, and a single header file.

JSON is described best here: http://www.json.org/ It's like XML, but fat-free. You use it to move data around, store things, or just generally represent your program's state.

As a library, cJSON exists to take away as much legwork as it can, but not get in your way. As a point of pragmatism (i.e. ignoring the truth), I'm going to say that you can use it in one of two modes: Auto and Manual. Let's have a quick run-through.

I lifted some JSON from this page: http://www.json.org/fatfree.html That page inspired me to write cJSON, which is a parser that tries to share the same philosophy as JSON itself. Simple, dumb, out of the way.

Building

There are several ways to incorporate cJSON into your project.

copying the source

Because the entire library is only one C file and one header file, you can just copy cJSON.h and cJSON.c to your projects source and start using it.

cJSON is written in ANSI C (C89) in order to support as many platforms and compilers as possible.

CMake

With CMake, cJSON supports a full blown build system. This way you get the most features. CMake with an equal or higher version than 2.8.5 is supported. With CMake it is recommended to do an out of tree build, meaning the compiled files are put in a directory separate from the source files. So in order to build cJSON with CMake on a Unix platform, make a build directory and run CMake inside it.

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..

This will create a Makefile and a bunch of other files. You can then compile it:

make

And install it with make install if you want. By default it installs the headers /usr/local/include/cjson and the libraries to /usr/local/lib. It also installs files for pkg-config to make it easier to detect and use an existing installation of CMake. And it installs CMake config files, that can be used by other CMake based projects to discover the library.

You can change the build process with a list of different options that you can pass to CMake. Turn them on with On and off with Off:

• -DENABLE_CJSON_TEST=On: Enable building the tests. (on by default)
• -DENABLE_CJSON_UTILS=On: Enable building cJSON_Utils. (off by default)
• -DENABLE_TARGET_EXPORT=On: Enable the export of CMake targets. Turn off if it makes problems. (on by default)
• -DENABLE_CUSTOM_COMPILER_FLAGS=On: Enable custom compiler flags (currently for Clang, GCC and MSVC). Turn off if it makes problems. (on by default)
• -DENABLE_VALGRIND=On: Run tests with valgrind. (off by default)
• -DENABLE_SANITIZERS=On: Compile cJSON with AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer enabled (if possible). (off by default)
• -DENABLE_SAFE_STACK: Enable the SafeStack instrumentation pass. Currently only works with the Clang compiler. (off by default)
• -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=On: Build the shared libraries. (on by default)
• -DBUILD_SHARED_AND_STATIC_LIBS=On: Build both shared and static libraries. (off by default)
• -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr: Set a prefix for the installation.
• -DENABLE_LOCALES=On: Enable the usage of localeconv method. ( on by default )
• -DCJSON_OVERRIDE_BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=On: Enable overriding the value of BUILD_SHARED_LIBS with -DCJSON_BUILD_SHARED_LIBS.

If you are packaging cJSON for a distribution of Linux, you would probably take these steps for example:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DENABLE_CJSON_UTILS=On -DENABLE_CJSON_TEST=Off -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=$pkgdir install

Makefile

If you don't have CMake available, but still have GNU make. You can use the makefile to build cJSON:

Run this command in the directory with the source code and it will automatically compile static and shared libraries and a little test program.

make all

If you want, you can install the compiled library to your system using make install. By default it will install the headers in /usr/local/include/cjson and the libraries in /usr/local/lib. But you can change this behavior by setting the PREFIX and DESTDIR variables: make PREFIX=/usr DESTDIR=temp install.

Including cJSON

If you installed it via CMake or the Makefile, you can include cJSON like this:

#include <cjson/cJSON.h>

Data Structure

cJSON represents JSON data using the cJSON struct data type:

/* The cJSON structure: */
typedef struct cJSON
{
    struct cJSON *next;
    struct cJSON *prev;
    struct cJSON *child;
    int type;
    char *valuestring;
    /* writing to valueint is DEPRECATED, use cJSON_SetNumberValue instead */
    int valueint;
    double valuedouble;
    char *string;
} cJSON;

An item of this type represents a JSON value. The type is stored in type as a bit-flag (this means that you cannot find out the type by just comparing the value of type).

To check the type of an item, use the corresponding cJSON_Is... function. It does a NULL check followed by a type check and returns a boolean value if the item is of this type.

The type can be one of the following:

• cJSON_Invalid (check with cJSON_IsInvalid): Represents an invalid item that doesn't contain any value. You automatically have this type if you set the item to all zero bytes.
• cJSON_False (check with cJSON_IsFalse): Represents a false boolean value. You can also check for boolean values in general with cJSON_IsBool.
• cJSON_True (check with cJSON_IsTrue): Represents a true boolean value. You can also check for boolean values in general with cJSON_IsBool.
• cJSON_NULL (check with cJSON_IsNull): Represents a null value.
• cJSON_Number (check with cJSON_IsNumber): Represents a number value. The value is stored as a double in valuedouble and also in valueint. If the number is outside of the range of an integer, INT_MAX or INT_MIN are used for valueint.
• cJSON_String (check with cJSON_IsString): Represents a string value. It is stored in the form of a zero terminated string in valuestring.
• cJSON_Array (check with cJSON_IsArray): Represent an array value. This is implemented by pointing child to a linked list of cJSON items that represent the values in the array. The elements are linked together using next and prev, where the first element has prev == NULL and the last element next == NULL.
• cJSON_Object (check with cJSON_IsObject): Represents an object value. Objects are stored same way as an array, the only difference is that the items in the object store their keys in string.
• cJSON_Raw (check with cJSON_IsRaw): Represents any kind of JSON that is stored as a zero terminated array of characters in valuestring. This can be used, for example, to avoid printing the same static JSON over and over again to save performance. cJSON will never create this type when parsing. Also note that cJSON doesn't check if it is valid JSON.

Additionally there are the following two flags:

• cJSON_IsReference: Specifies that the item that child points to and/or valuestring is not owned by this item, it is only a reference. So cJSON_Delete and other functions will only deallocate this item, not it's children/valuestring.
• cJSON_StringIsConst: This means that string points to a constant string. This means that cJSON_Delete and other functions will not try to deallocate string.

Working with the data structure

For every value type there is a cJSON_Create... function that can be used to create an item of that type. All of these will allocate a cJSON struct that can later be deleted with cJSON_Delete. Note that you have to delete them at some point, otherwise you will get a memory leak. Important: If you have added an item to an array or an object already, you mustn't delete it with cJSON_Delete. Adding it to an array or object transfers its ownership so that when that array or object is deleted, it gets deleted as well.

Basic types

• null is created with cJSON_CreateNull
• booleans are created with cJSON_CreateTrue, cJSON_CreateFalse or cJSON_CreateBool
• numbers are created with cJSON_CreateNumber. This will set both valuedouble and valueint. If the number is outside of the range of an integer, INT_MAX or INT_MIN are used for valueint
• strings are created with cJSON_CreateString (copies the string) or with cJSON_CreateStringReference (directly points to the string. This means that valuestring won't be deleted by cJSON_Delete and you are responsible for it's lifetime, useful for constants)

Arrays

You can create an empty array with cJSON_CreateArray. cJSON_CreateArrayReference can be used to create an array that doesn't "own" its content, so its content doesn't get deleted by cJSON_Delete.

To add items to an array, use cJSON_AddItemToArray to append items to the end. Using cJSON_AddItemReferenceToArray an element can be added as a reference to another item, array or string. This means that cJSON_Delete will not delete that items child or valuestring properties, so no double frees are occuring if they are already used elsewhere. To insert items in the middle, use cJSON_InsertItemInArray. It will insert an item at the given 0 based index and shift all the existing items to the right.

If you want to take an item out of an array at a given index and continue using it, use cJSON_DetachItemFromArray, it will return the detached item, so be sure to assign it to a pointer, otherwise you will have a memory leak.

Deleting items is done with cJSON_DeleteItemFromArray. It works like cJSON_DetachItemFromArray, but deletes the detached item via cJSON_Delete.

You can also replace an item in an array in place. Either with cJSON_ReplaceItemInArray using an index or with cJSON_ReplaceItemViaPointer given a pointer to an element. cJSON_ReplaceItemViaPointer will return 0 if it fails. What this does internally is to detach the old item, delete it and insert the new item in its place.

To get the size of an array, use cJSON_GetArraySize. Use cJSON_GetArrayItem to get an element at a given index.

Because an array is stored as a linked list, iterating it via index is inefficient (O(n²)), so you can iterate over an array using the cJSON_ArrayForEach macro in O(n) time complexity.

Objects

You can create an empty object with cJSON_CreateObject. cJSON_CreateObjectReference can be used to create an object that doesn't "own" its content, so its content doesn't get deleted by cJSON_Delete.

To add items to an object, use cJSON_AddItemToObject. Use cJSON_AddItemToObjectCS to add an item to an object with a name that is a constant or reference (key of the item, string in the cJSON struct), so that it doesn't get freed by cJSON_Delete. Using cJSON_AddItemReferenceToArray an element can be added as a reference to another object, array or string. This means that cJSON_Delete will not delete that items child or valuestring properties, so no double frees are occuring if they are already used elsewhere.

If you want to take an item out of an object, use cJSON_DetachItemFromObjectCaseSensitive, it will return the detached item, so be sure to assign it to a pointer, otherwise you will have a memory leak.

Deleting items is done with cJSON_DeleteItemFromObjectCaseSensitive. It works like cJSON_DetachItemFromObjectCaseSensitive followed by cJSON_Delete.

You can also replace an item in an object in place. Either with cJSON_ReplaceItemInObjectCaseSensitive using a key or with cJSON_ReplaceItemViaPointer given a pointer to an element. cJSON_ReplaceItemViaPointer will return 0 if it fails. What this does internally is to detach the old item, delete it and insert the new item in its place.

To get the size of an object, you can use cJSON_GetArraySize, this works because internally objects are stored as arrays.

If you want to access an item in an object, use cJSON_GetObjectItemCaseSensitive.

To iterate over an object, you can use the cJSON_ArrayForEach macro the same way as for arrays.

cJSON also provides convenient helper functions for quickly creating a new item and adding it to an object, like cJSON_AddNullToObject. They return a pointer to the new item or NULL if they failed.

Parsing JSON

Given some JSON in a zero terminated string, you can parse it with cJSON_Parse.

cJSON *json = cJSON_Parse(string);

It will parse the JSON and allocate a tree of cJSON items that represents it. Once it returns, you are fully responsible for deallocating it after use with cJSON_Delete.

The allocator used by cJSON_Parse is malloc and free by default but can be changed (globally) with cJSON_InitHooks.

If an error occurs a pointer to the position of the error in the input string can be accessed using cJSON_GetErrorPtr. Note though that this can produce race conditions in multithreading scenarios, in that case it is better to use cJSON_ParseWithOpts with return_parse_end. By default, characters in the input string that follow the parsed JSON will not be considered as an error.

If you want more options, use cJSON_ParseWithOpts(const char *value, const char **return_parse_end, cJSON_bool require_null_terminated). return_parse_end returns a pointer to the end of the JSON in the input string or the position that an error occurs at (thereby replacing cJSON_GetErrorPtr in a thread safe way). require_null_terminated, if set to 1 will make it an error if the input string contains data after the JSON.

Printing JSON

Given a tree of cJSON items, you can print them as a string using cJSON_Print.

char *string = cJSON_Print(json);

It will allocate a string and print a JSON representation of the tree into it. Once it returns, you are fully responsible for deallocating it after use with your allocator. (usually free, depends on what has been set with cJSON_InitHooks).

cJSON_Print will print with whitespace for formatting. If you want to print without formatting, use cJSON_PrintUnformatted.

If you have a rough idea of how big your resulting string will be, you can use cJSON_PrintBuffered(const cJSON *item, int prebuffer, cJSON_bool fmt). fmt is a boolean to turn formatting with whitespace on and off. prebuffer specifies the first buffer size to use for printing. cJSON_Print currently uses 256 bytes for it's first buffer size. Once printing runs out of space, a new buffer is allocated and the old gets copied over before printing is continued.

These dynamic buffer allocations can be completely avoided by using cJSON_PrintPreallocated(cJSON *item, char *buffer, const int length, const cJSON_bool format). It takes a buffer to a pointer to print to and it's length. If the length is reached, printing will fail and it returns 0. In case of success, 1 is returned. Note that you should provide 5 bytes more than is actually needed, because cJSON is not 100% accurate in estimating if the provided memory is enough.

Some JSON:

{
    "name": "Jack (\"Bee\") Nimble",
    "format": {
        "type":       "rect",
        "width":      1920,
        "height":     1080,
        "interlace":  false,
        "frame rate": 24
    }
}

Assume that you got this from a file, a webserver, or magic JSON elves, whatever, you have a char * to it. Everything is a cJSON struct. Get it parsed:

cJSON * root = cJSON_Parse(my_json_string);

This is an object. We're in C. We don't have objects. But we do have structs. What's the framerate?

cJSON *format = cJSON_GetObjectItemCaseSensitive(root, "format");
cJSON *framerate_item = cJSON_GetObjectItemCaseSensitive(format, "frame rate");
double framerate = 0;
if (cJSON_IsNumber(framerate_item))
{
  framerate = framerate_item->valuedouble;
}

Want to change the framerate?

cJSON *framerate_item = cJSON_GetObjectItemCaseSensitive(format, "frame rate");
cJSON_SetNumberValue(framerate_item, 25);

Back to disk?

char *rendered = cJSON_Print(root);

Finished? Delete the root (this takes care of everything else).

cJSON_Delete(root);

That's AUTO mode. If you're going to use Auto mode, you really ought to check pointers before you dereference them. If you want to see how you'd build this struct in code?

cJSON *root;
cJSON *fmt;
root = cJSON_CreateObject();
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root, "name", cJSON_CreateString("Jack (\"Bee\") Nimble"));
cJSON_AddItemToObject(root, "format", fmt = cJSON_CreateObject());
cJSON_AddStringToObject(fmt, "type", "rect");
cJSON_AddNumberToObject(fmt, "width", 1920);
cJSON_AddNumberToObject(fmt, "height", 1080);
cJSON_AddFalseToObject (fmt, "interlace");
cJSON_AddNumberToObject(fmt, "frame rate", 24);

Hopefully we can agree that's not a lot of code? There's no overhead, no unnecessary setup. Look at test.c for a bunch of nice examples, mostly all ripped off the json.org site, and a few from elsewhere.

What about manual mode? First up you need some detail. Let's cover how the cJSON objects represent the JSON data. cJSON doesn't distinguish arrays from objects in handling; just type. Each cJSON has, potentially, a child, siblings, value, a name.

• The root object has: Object Type and a Child
• The Child has name "name", with value "Jack ("Bee") Nimble", and a sibling:
• Sibling has type Object, name "format", and a child.
• That child has type String, name "type", value "rect", and a sibling:
• Sibling has type Number, name "width", value 1920, and a sibling:
• Sibling has type Number, name "height", value 1080, and a sibling:
• Sibling has type False, name "interlace", and a sibling:
• Sibling has type Number, name "frame rate", value 24

Here's the structure:

typedef struct cJSON {
    struct cJSON *next,*prev;
    struct cJSON *child;

    int type;

    char *valuestring;
    int valueint; /* writing to valueint is DEPRECATED, please use cJSON_SetNumberValue instead */
    double valuedouble;

    char *string;
} cJSON;

By default all values are 0 unless set by virtue of being meaningful.

next/prev is a doubly linked list of siblings. next takes you to your sibling, prev takes you back from your sibling to you. Only objects and arrays have a child, and it's the head of the doubly linked list. A child entry will have prev == 0, but next potentially points on. The last sibling has next == 0. The type expresses Null/True/False/Number/String/Array/Object, all of which are #defined in cJSON.h.

A Number has valueint and valuedouble. valueint is a relict of the past, so always use valuedouble.

Any entry which is in the linked list which is the child of an object will have a string which is the "name" of the entry. When I said "name" in the above example, that's string. string is the JSON name for the 'variable name' if you will.

Now you can trivially walk the lists, recursively, and parse as you please. You can invoke cJSON_Parse to get cJSON to parse for you, and then you can take the root object, and traverse the structure (which is, formally, an N-tree), and tokenise as you please. If you wanted to build a callback style parser, this is how you'd do it (just an example, since these things are very specific):

void parse_and_callback(cJSON *item, const char *prefix)
{
    while (item)
    {
        char *newprefix = malloc(strlen(prefix) + strlen(item->string) + 2);
        sprintf(newprefix, "%s/%s", prefix, item->string);
        int dorecurse = callback(newprefix, item->type, item);
        if (item->child && dorecurse)
        {
            parse_and_callback(item->child, newprefix);
        }
        item = item->next;
        free(newprefix);
    }
}

The prefix process will build you a separated list, to simplify your callback handling. The dorecurse flag would let the callback decide to handle sub-arrays on it's own, or let you invoke it per-item. For the item above, your callback might look like this:

int callback(const char *name, int type, cJSON *item)
{
    if (!strcmp(name, "name"))
    {
        /* populate name */
    }
    else if (!strcmp(name, "format/type"))
    {
        /* handle "rect" */ }
    else if (!strcmp(name, "format/width"))
    {
        /* 800 */
    }
    else if (!strcmp(name, "format/height"))
    {
        /* 600 */
    }
    else if (!strcmp(name, "format/interlace"))
    {
        /* false */
    }
    else if (!strcmp(name, "format/frame rate"))
    {
        /* 24 */
    }

    return 1;
}

Alternatively, you might like to parse iteratively. You'd use:

void parse_object(cJSON *item)
{
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < cJSON_GetArraySize(item); i++)
    {
        cJSON *subitem = cJSON_GetArrayItem(item, i);
        // handle subitem
    }
}

Or, for PROPER manual mode:

void parse_object(cJSON *item)
{
    cJSON *subitem = item->child;
    while (subitem)
    {
        // handle subitem
        if (subitem->child)
        {
            parse_object(subitem->child);
        }

        subitem = subitem->next;
    }
}

Of course, this should look familiar, since this is just a stripped-down version of the callback-parser.

This should cover most uses you'll find for parsing. The rest should be possible to infer.. and if in doubt, read the source! There's not a lot of it! ;)

In terms of constructing JSON data, the example code above is the right way to do it. You can, of course, hand your sub-objects to other functions to populate. Also, if you find a use for it, you can manually build the objects. For instance, suppose you wanted to build an array of objects?

cJSON *objects[24];

cJSON *Create_array_of_anything(cJSON **items, int num)
{
    int i;
    cJSON *prev;
    cJSON *root = cJSON_CreateArray();
    for (i = 0; i < 24; i++)
    {
        if (!i)
        {
            root->child = objects[i];
        }
        else
        {
            prev->next = objects[i];
            objects[i]->prev = prev;
        }

        prev = objects[i];
    }

    return root;
}

and simply: Create_array_of_anything(objects, 24);

cJSON doesn't make any assumptions about what order you create things in. You can attach the objects, as above, and later add children to each of those objects.

As soon as you call cJSON_Print, it renders the structure to text.

The test.c code shows how to handle a bunch of typical cases. If you uncomment the code, it'll load, parse and print a bunch of test files, also from json.org, which are more complex than I'd care to try and stash into a const char array[].

Caveats

Zero Character

cJSON doesn't support strings that contain the zero character '\0' or \u0000. This is impossible with the current API because strings are zero terminated.

Character Encoding

cJSON only supports UTF-8 encoded input. In most cases it doesn't reject invalid UTF-8 as input though, it just propagates it through as is. As long as the input doesn't contain invalid UTF-8, the output will always be valid UTF-8.

C Standard

cJSON is written in ANSI C (or C89, C90). If your compiler or C library doesn't follow this standard, correct behavior is not guaranteed.

NOTE: ANSI C is not C++ therefore it shouldn't be compiled with a C++ compiler. You can compile it with a C compiler and link it with your C++ code however. Although compiling with a C++ compiler might work, correct behavior is not guaranteed.

Floating Point Numbers

cJSON does not officially support any double implementations other than IEEE754 double precision floating point numbers. It might still work with other implementations but bugs with these will be considered invalid.

The maximum length of a floating point literal that cJSON supports is currently 63 characters.

Deep Nesting Of Arrays And Objects

cJSON doesn't support arrays and objects that are nested too deeply because this would result in a stack overflow. To prevent this cJSON limits the depth to CJSON_NESTING_LIMIT which is 1000 by default but can be changed at compile time.

Thread Safety

In general cJSON is not thread safe.

However it is thread safe under the following conditions:

• cJSON_GetErrorPtr is never used (the return_parse_end parameter of cJSON_ParseWithOpts can be used instead)
• cJSON_InitHooks is only ever called before using cJSON in any threads.
• setlocale is never called before all calls to cJSON functions have returned.

Case Sensitivity

When cJSON was originally created, it didn't follow the JSON standard and didn't make a distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters. If you want the correct, standard compliant, behavior, you need to use the CaseSensitive functions where available.

Enjoy cJSON!

• Dave Gamble, Aug 2009
• cJSON contributors