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360 lines
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Markdown
360 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
<div align="center" style="display:grid;place-items:center;">
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<p>
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<a href="https://vlang.io/" target="_blank"><img width="80" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/v-logo/master/dist/v-logo.svg?sanitize=true" alt="V logo"></a>
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</p>
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<h1>The V Programming Language</h1>
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[vlang.io](https://vlang.io) | [Docs](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md) | [Changelog](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) | [Speed](https://fast.vlang.io/) | [Contributing & compiler design](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
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</div>
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<div align="center" style="display:grid;place-items:center;">
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<!--
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[![Build Status][WorkflowBadge]][WorkflowUrl]
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-->
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[![Sponsor][SponsorBadge]][SponsorUrl]
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[![Patreon][PatreonBadge]][PatreonUrl]
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[![Discord][DiscordBadge]][DiscordUrl]
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[![Twitter][TwitterBadge]][TwitterUrl]
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[![Modules][ModulesBadge]][ModulesUrl]
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</div>
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## Key Features of V
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- Simplicity: the language can be learned in a weekend
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- Fast compilation: ≈110k loc/s with a Clang backend,
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≈500k loc/s with native and tcc backends *(Intel i5-7500, SSD, no
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optimization)* ([demo video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvP6wmcl_Sc))
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- Easy to develop: V compiles itself in less than a second
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- Performance: as fast as C (V's main backend compiles to human-readable C)
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- Safety: no null, no globals, no undefined behavior (wip), immutability by default
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- C to V translation ([Translating DOOM demo video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oXrz3oRoEg))
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- Hot code reloading
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- [Flexible memory management](https://vlang.io/#memory). GC by default, manual via `v -gc none`,
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arena allocation via `v -prealloc`, autofree via `v -autofree`
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([autofree demo video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmB8ea8uLsM)).
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- [Cross-platform UI library](https://github.com/vlang/ui)
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- Built-in graphics library
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- Easy cross-compilation
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- REPL
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- [Built-in ORM](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md#orm)
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- [Built-in web framework](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/vlib/vweb/README.md)
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- C and JavaScript backends
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- Great for writing low-level software ([Vinix OS](https://github.com/vlang/vinix))
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## Stability guarantee and future changes
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Despite being at an early development stage, the V language is relatively stable and has
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backwards compatibility guarantee, meaning that the code you write today is guaranteed
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to work a month, a year, or five years from now.
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There still may be minor syntax changes before the 1.0 release, but they will be handled
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automatically via `vfmt`, as has been done in the past.
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The V core APIs (primarily the `os` module) will still have minor changes until
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they are stabilized in V 1.0. Of course the APIs will grow after that, but without breaking
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existing code.
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Unlike many other languages, V is not going to be always changing, with new features
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being introduced and old features modified. It is always going to be a small and simple
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language, very similar to the way it is right now.
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## Installing V from source
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--> **_(this is the preferred method)_**
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### Linux, macOS, Windows, *BSD, Solaris, WSL, etc.
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Usually installing V is quite simple if you have an environment that already has a
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functional `git` installation.
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To get started, simply try to execute the following in your terminal/shell:
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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cd v
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make
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# HINT: Using Windows? run make.bat in a cmd shell, or ./make.bat in PowerShell
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```
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That should be it and you should find your V executable at `[path to V repo]/v`.
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`[path to V repo]` can be anywhere.
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(As in the hint above, on Windows `make` means running `make.bat`.)
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Now you can try `./v run examples/hello_world.v` (or `v run examples/hello_world.v` in cmd shell).
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* *Trouble? Please see the note above and link to
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[Installation Issues](https://github.com/vlang/v/discussions/categories/installation-issues)
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for help.*
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V is constantly being updated. To update V, simply run:
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```bash
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v up
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```
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> **Note**
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> If you run into any trouble, or you have a different operating
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> system or Linux distribution that doesn't install or work immediately, please see
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> [Installation Issues](https://github.com/vlang/v/discussions/categories/installation-issues)
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> and search for your OS and problem.
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>
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> If you can't find your problem, please add it to an existing discussion if one exists for
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> your OS, or create a new one if a main discussion doesn't yet exist for your OS.
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### C compiler
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The [Tiny C Compiler (tcc)](https://repo.or.cz/w/tinycc.git) is downloaded for you by `make` if
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there is a compatible version for your system, and installed under the V `thirdparty` directory.
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This compiler is very fast, but does almost no optimizations. It is best for development builds.
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For production builds (using the `-prod` option to V), it's recommended to use clang, gcc, or
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Microsoft Visual C++. If you are doing development, you most likely already have one of those
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installed.
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Otherwise, follow these instructions:
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- [Installing a C compiler on Linux and macOS](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Linux-and-macOS)
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- [Installing a C compiler on Windows](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Installing-a-C-compiler-on-Windows)
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### Symlinking
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> **Note**
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> It is *highly recommended*, that you put V on your PATH. That saves
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> you the effort to type in the full path to your v executable every time.
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> V provides a convenience `v symlink` command to do that more easily.
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On Unix systems, it creates a `/usr/local/bin/v` symlink to your
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executable. To do that, run:
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```bash
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sudo ./v symlink
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```
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On Windows, start a new shell with administrative privileges, for example by pressing the
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<kbd>Windows Key</kbd>, then type `cmd.exe`, right-click on its menu entry, and choose `Run as
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administrator`. In the new administrative shell, cd to the path where you have compiled V, then
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type:
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```bat
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v symlink
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```
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(or `./v symlink` in PowerShell)
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That will make V available everywhere, by adding it to your PATH. Please restart your
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shell/editor after that, so that it can pick up the new PATH variable.
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> **Note**
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> There is no need to run `v symlink` more than once - v will still be available, even after
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> `v up`, restarts, and so on. You only need to run it again if you decide to move the V repo
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> folder somewhere else.
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### Void Linux
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<details><summary>Expand Void Linux instructions</summary>
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```bash
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# xbps-install -Su base-devel
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# xbps-install libatomic-devel
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$ git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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$ cd v
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$ make
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```
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</details>
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### Docker
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<details><summary>Expand Docker instructions</summary>
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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cd v
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docker build -t vlang .
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docker run --rm -it vlang:latest
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```
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### Docker with Alpine/musl
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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cd v
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docker build -t vlang --file=Dockerfile.alpine .
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docker run --rm -it vlang:latest
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```
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</details>
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### Termux/Android
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On Termux, V needs some packages preinstalled - a working C compiler, also `libexecinfo`,
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`libgc` and `libgc-static`. After installing them, you can use the same script, like on
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Linux/macos:
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```bash
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pkg install clang libexecinfo libgc libgc-static make git
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git clone https://github.com/vlang/v
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cd v
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make
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```
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## Testing and running the examples
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Make sure V can compile itself:
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```bash
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$ v self
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$ v
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V 0.3.x
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Use Ctrl-C or `exit` to exit
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>>> println('hello world')
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hello world
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>>>
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```
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```bash
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cd examples
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v hello_world.v && ./hello_world # or simply
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v run hello_world.v # this builds the program and runs it right away
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v run word_counter/word_counter.v word_counter/cinderella.txt
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v run news_fetcher.v
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v run tetris/tetris.v
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```
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<img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/v/master/examples/tetris/screenshot.png' width=300 alt='tetris screenshot'>
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In order to build Tetris or 2048 (or anything else using `sokol` or `gg` graphics modules),
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you will need additional development libraries for your system.
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| System | Installation method |
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|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| Debian/Ubuntu based | `sudo apt install libxi-dev libxcursor-dev libgl-dev` |
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| Fedora/RH/CentOS | `sudo dnf install libXcursor-devel libXi-devel libX11-devel libglvnd-devel` |
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| NixOS | add `xorg.libX11.dev xorg.libXcursor.dev xorg.libXi.dev libGL.dev` to `environment.systemPackages` |
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## V net.http, net.websocket, `v install`
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The net.http module, the net.websocket module, and the `v install` command may all use SSL.
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V comes with a version of mbedtls, which should work on all systems. If you find a need to
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use OpenSSL instead, you will need to make sure that it is installed on your system, then
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use the `-d use_openssl` switch when you compile.
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To install OpenSSL on non-Windows systems:
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| System | Installation command |
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|---------------------|----------------------------------|
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| macOS | `brew install openssl` |
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| Debian/Ubuntu based | `sudo apt install libssl-dev` |
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| Arch/Manjaro | openssl is installed by default |
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| Fedora/CentOS/RH | `sudo dnf install openssl-devel` |
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On Windows, OpenSSL is simply hard to get working correctly. The instructions
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[here](https://tecadmin.net/install-openssl-on-windows/) may (or may not) help.
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## V sync
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V's `sync` module and channel implementation uses libatomic.
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It is most likely already installed on your system, but if not,
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you can install it, by doing the following:
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| System | Installation command |
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|---------------------|-------------------------------------|
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| macOS | already installed |
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| Debian/Ubuntu based | `sudo apt install libatomic1` |
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| Fedora/CentOS/RH | `sudo dnf install libatomic-static` |
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## V UI
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<a href="https://github.com/vlang/ui">
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<img src='https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vlang/ui/master/examples/screenshot.png' width=712 alt='V UI example screenshot'>
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</a>
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https://github.com/vlang/ui
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<!---
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## JavaScript backend
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[examples/hello_v_js.v](examples/hello_v_js.v):
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```v
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fn main() {
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for i in 0 .. 3 {
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println('Hello from V.js')
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}
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}
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```
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```bash
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v -o hi.js examples/hello_v_js.v && node hi.js
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Hello from V.js
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Hello from V.js
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Hello from V.js
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```
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-->
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## Android graphical apps
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With V's `vab` tool, building V UI and graphical apps for Android can become as easy as:
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```
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./vab /path/to/v/examples/2048
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```
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[https://github.com/vlang/vab](https://github.com/vlang/vab).
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<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/768942/107622846-c13f3900-6c58-11eb-8a66-55db12979b73.png" alt="vab examples screenshot">
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## Developing web applications
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Check out the
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[Building a simple web blog](https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/tutorials/building_a_simple_web_blog_with_vweb/README.md)
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tutorial and Gitly, a light and fast alternative to GitHub/GitLab:
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https://github.com/vlang/gitly
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<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/687996/85933714-b195fe80-b8da-11ea-9ddd-09cadc2103e4.png" alt="gitly screenshot">
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## Vinix, an OS/kernel written in V
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V is great for writing low-level software like drivers and kernels.
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Vinix is an OS/kernel that already runs bash, GCC, V, and nano.
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https://github.com/vlang/vinix
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<img src="https://github.com/vlang/vinix/blob/main/screenshot0.png?raw=true" alt="vinix screenshot 1">
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<img src="https://github.com/vlang/vinix/blob/main/screenshot1.png?raw=true" alt="vinix screenshot 2">
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## Acknowledgement
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V thanks Fabrice Bellard for his original work on the
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[TCC - Tiny C Compiler](https://bellard.org/tcc/).
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Note the TCC website is old; the current TCC repository can be found
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[here](https://repo.or.cz/w/tinycc.git).
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V utilizes pre-built TCC binaries located at
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[https://github.com/vlang/tccbin/](https://github.com/vlang/tccbin/).
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## Troubleshooting
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Please see the
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[Troubleshooting](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki/Troubleshooting)
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section on our
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[wiki page](https://github.com/vlang/v/wiki)
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[WorkflowBadge]: https://github.com/vlang/v/workflows/CI/badge.svg
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[DiscordBadge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/592103645835821068?label=Discord&logo=discord&logoColor=white
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[PatreonBadge]: https://img.shields.io/endpoint.svg?url=https%3A%2F%2Fshieldsio-patreon.vercel.app%2Fapi%3Fusername%3Dvlang%26type%3Dpatrons&style=flat
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[SponsorBadge]: https://camo.githubusercontent.com/da8bc40db5ed31e4b12660245535b5db67aa03ce/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f7374617469632f76313f6c6162656c3d53706f6e736f72266d6573736167653d254532253944254134266c6f676f3d476974487562
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[TwitterBadge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/follow-%40v_language-1DA1F2?logo=twitter&style=flat&logoColor=white&color=1da1f2
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[ModulesBadge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/modules-reference-027d9c?logo=v&logoColor=white&logoWidth=10
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[WorkflowUrl]: https://github.com/vlang/v/commits/master
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[DiscordUrl]: https://discord.gg/vlang
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[PatreonUrl]: https://patreon.com/vlang
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[SponsorUrl]: https://github.com/sponsors/medvednikov
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[TwitterUrl]: https://twitter.com/v_language
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[ModulesUrl]: https://modules.vlang.io
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